Category:Linear Water-Wave Theory

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Introduction

Linear water waves are small amplitude waves for which we can linearise the equations of motion (Linear and Second-Order Wave Theory). It is also standard to consider the problem when waves of a single frequency are incident so that only a single frequency needs to be considered, leading to the Frequency Domain Problem. The linear theory is applicable until the wave steepness becomes sufficiently large that non-linear effects become important.

Equations in the Frequency Domain

We assume small amplitude so that we can linearise all the equations (see Linear and Second-Order Wave Theory). We also assume that Frequency Domain Problem with frequency ω and we assume that all variables are proportional to \exp(-\mathrm{i}\omega t)\, The water motion is represented by a velocity potential which is denoted by \phi\, so that

\Phi(\mathbf{x},t) = \mathrm{Re} \left\{\phi(\mathbf{x},\omega)e^{-\mathrm{i} \omega t}\right\}.

The coordinate system is the standard Cartesian coordinate system with the z − axis pointing vertically up. The water surface is at z = 0 and the region of interest is − h < z < 0. There is a body which occupies the region Ω and we denote the wetted surface of the body by \partial\Omega We denote \mathbf{r}=(x,y) as the horizontal coordinate in two or three dimensions respectively and the Cartesian system we denote by \mathbf{x}. We assume that the bottom surface is of constant depth at z = − h. Variable Bottom Topography can also easily be included but we do not consider this here.

The equations are the following

\Delta\phi=0, \, -h<z<0,\,\,\,\mathbf{x} \in \Omega
\partial_z\phi = 0, \, z=-h,
\partial_z \phi = \alpha \phi,\,z=0,\,\,\mathbf{x} \in \partial \Omega_{\mathrm{F}},


(note that the last expression can be obtained from combining the expressions:

\partial_z \phi = -\mathrm{i} \omega \zeta,\,z=0,\,\,\mathbf{x} \in \partial \Omega_{\mathrm{F}},
\mathrm{i} \omega \phi = g\zeta,\,z=0,\,\,\mathbf{x} \in \partial \Omega_{\mathrm{F}},

where α = ω2 / g)

\partial_n\phi = \mathcal{L}\phi, \, \mathbf{x}\in\partial\Omega_B,

where \mathcal{L} is a linear operator which relates the normal and potential on the body surface through the physics of the body.

The simplest case is for a fixed body where the operator is L = 0 but more complicated conditions are possible.

The equation is subject to some radiation conditions at infinity. We assume the following. \phi^{\mathrm{I}}\, is a plane wave travelling in the x direction,

φI(x,z) = Aφ0(z)eikx

where A is the wave amplitude (in potential) ik is the positive imaginary solution of the Dispersion Relation for a Free Surface (note we are assuming that the time dependence is of the form exp( − iωt)) and

\phi_0(z) =\frac{\cosh k(z+h)}{\cosh k h}

In two-dimensions the Sommerfeld Radiation Condition is

\left( \frac{\partial}{\partial|x|} - \mathrm{i} k \right) (\phi-\phi^{\mathrm{{I}}})=0,\;\mathrm{{as\;}}|x|\rightarrow\infty\mathrm{.}

where φI is the incident potential.

In three-dimensions the Sommerfeld Radiation Condition is

\sqrt{|\mathbf{r}|}\left( \frac{\partial}{\partial|\mathbf{r}|} - \mathrm{i} k \right) (\phi-\phi^{\mathrm{{I}}})=0,\;\mathrm{{as\;}}|\mathbf{r}|\rightarrow\infty\mathrm{.}

where φI is the incident potential.

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